Monotheism

Definiton:
noun

The belief of only one god.

Sample Sentences:

Christianity is a form of monotheism.
  Judaism and Islam are also forms of monotheism.
Usage:
Catholic Encyclopedia: Monotheism

Monotheism

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Monotheism, belief in the existence of one god  and from atheism, the belief that there is no god. Monotheism characterizes the traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and elements of the belief are discernible in numerous other religions.
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Orphic Sages

Definition:

Is a philosophy that has the idea of original sin, and there are constant ongoing cycles. Once something happens it will repeat itself in the future. It also has the aspect that everyone and everything with be reincarnated as something different, going back to the cycles.
 


Sample Sentences:

Orphic sages are the priest-like figures in orphism.

Orphic sages would perform many mysterious rituals and ceremonies.

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 Orphic's Hymn









The Orphic Sage: Bronson Allcott


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The people of the Orphic Sages believe in Witchcraft.  The belief of orphism is that chaos and order have the ability to coexist in life simultaneously, without conflict.  People that believe in this have different morals and tend to hurt others that do not.




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Christianity

Definition:

The religion derived from Jesus Christ, based on the Bible as sacred scripture, and professed by Eastern, Roman Catholic, and Protestant bodies.

Sample Sentences:

Grendel has a Christianity background.

Jesus the Saviour in Christianity.



Usage:
Christian Defined
Christians and the holy places


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Christianity is practice throughout the United States.  Christianity comes from the death of Jesus Christ who died for all of man's sins. Christianity recognizes the Bible as religious text, and is the most commonly practiced religion in the world.



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Paganism

Definition:

Any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism

Sample Sentences:

His mission was to convert the pagan irish people to christianity.

Within a century pagans would be persecuted because they would not conform to the state religion that ensured the safety of the empire.

Usage:

Paganism

Catholic Encyclopedia


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Paganism includes most of the Eastern religions and the indigenous traditions of the America's.  Characteristics of a pagan are living mythology, practice religion.



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Monism

Definition:
noun

Is a philosophical position which argues that the variety of existing things can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance.The wide definition states that all existing things go back to a source which is distinct from them. The common, restricted definition implies also a unity of substance and essence.


Sample Sentences:

Substance monism need not have any implications concerning god or an absolute in either a theistic or pantheistic sense.

A methodological monism of empirical science assumes that everything is essentially matter.


Usage:

Monist Theory

Monism and Statespace Structure

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Monism is a metaphysical philiosophy that supports the idea that there is only one concrete substance of reality. It states that the mind and body are not necessarily separate, distinct, substances, but are rather composed of the same neutral "stuff." In monism, minds and bodies are viewed as collections of impressions or perceptions, the primary data of experience. Hume has been noted to contribute some ministic views,


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Plato's Allegory of the Cave

Definition:

A dialogue/scenario included in Plato's The Republic about our nature as humans regarding education and our nature's want of education. This dialogue, written by Plato, exemplifies Socrates and includes discussion with Plato's brother, Glaucon.
 
Sample Sentences:

In Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave,” Socrates describes a literal journey from an underground cave into the light of the sun

The allegory is representation of Plato’s concept of Truth and the challenge of philosophical thought.


Usage:
Plato's, Allegory of the Cave

Plato's Cave

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Plato has Socrates describe a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them, and begin to ascribe forms to these shadows. According to Plato's Socrates, the shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality. He then explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall do not make up reality at all, as he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the mere shadows seen by the prisoners.

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Atheism

Definition:

Noun

The theory or belief that God does not exist.

Sample Sentences:

Those who recognize god's presence in the face of god-forsaken christ have protest atheism within themselves -- but as something they have overcome.

Indeed, it seems like the supreme irony that militant atheism has managed to acquire the mentality of a religion.


Usage:
Atheism

Carm-Atheism

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Atheism is the religious doctrine or belief that denies the existence of divinity. Most atheist do not believe in god and a afterlife.  Atheism is not very popular now but is increasing.



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Humanism

Definition:
noun

Is a group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence (rationalism, empiricism), over established doctrine or faith (fideism). The term humanism can be ambiguously diverse, and there has been a persistent confusion between several related uses of the term because different intellectual movements have identified with it over time.

Sample Sentences:

Humanism as a replacement religion, and as such represented an important strand in post-war humanist thought.

 Humanism as a philosophy of life and sometimes seems exasperated when that is also subjected to skeptical attack.

Humanism in language education and the history of language teaching.


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Humanist Theories

Amercian Humanist

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Humanism is a group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence , over established doctrine or faith . The term humanism can be ambiguously diverse, and there has been a persistent confusion between several related uses of the term because different intellectual movements have identified with it over time.^[


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Machiavelli

Definition:
Was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.

Sample Sentences:

Machiavelli was taught grammar, rhetoric, and Latin, and became a prolific Chef

Machiavelli's best-known book, Il Principe, contains a number of maxims concerning politics, but rather than the more traditional subject of a hereditary prince, it concentrates on the possibility of a "new prince".



Usage:
History Guide- Machiavelli
Machiavelli

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 Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He was for many years an official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He was a founder of modern political science, and more specifically political ethics.  He also had an reputation for being a atheist which was not a good look for him since it was a catholic area.




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Skepticism

Definition:

incredulity: doubt about the truth of something.


Sample Sentences:

Philosophical skepticism is an overall approach that requires all information to be well supported by evidence.

Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient Greek philosophy.



Usage:

Skepticism

What is Skepticism?  

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Skepticism is an questioning attitude towards any information.  There are two types of skepticism: Philosophical and Scientific.  Philosophical does not claim that truth is impossible but it is suspending belief.  Scientific is when beliefs are questioned based off of scientific understanding.



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Whitehead

Definition:

noun
Alfred North, 1861–1947, English philosopher and mathematician, in the U.S. after 1924. 



Sample Sentences:

Whitehead's metaphysical views, which he called process philosophy emerged in The Concept of Nature (1920) and were expanded in Science and the Modern World (1925), also an important study in the history of ideas and the role of science and mathematics in the rise of Western civilization.

The main tenets of Whitehead's metaphysics were summarized in his most accessible work, Adventures of Ideas (1933), where he also defines his conceptions of beauty, truth, art, adventure, and peace.

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Alfred Whitehead

Whithead Philosophy   

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Alfred Whitehead was an english philosopher and mathematician.  Whitehead is the one that created the theory called metaphysics.  Metaphysics is a field extra-physical philosophy concerned with what is there, and what it is.


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Nietzsche

Definition:
noun
-German scholar, philosopher, and critic


Sample Sentences:

Nietzsche began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy.


Nietzsche's disbelief may have happened in part of his reading of David Strauss's book Life of Jesus, which had a profound effect on the young Nietzsche, though in an essay entitled Fate and History written in 1862, Nietzsche had already argued that historical research had discredited the central teachings of Christianity


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Friedrich Nietzsche

Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy

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Central to his philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation", which involves questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent those views might be.His influence remains substantial within philosophy, notably in existentialism, post-modernism, and post-structuralism, as well as outside it. His radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth has been the focus of extensive commentary, especially in the continental tradition.

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Materialism

Definition:

noun
preoccupation with or emphasis on material objects, comforts, and considerations, with a disinterest in or rejection of spiritual, intellectual, or cultural values. 

holds that the only thing that exists is matter or energy; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of material interactions. In other words, matter is the only substance, and reality is identical with the actually occurring states of energy and matter.

Sample Sentences:

Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology.

 Materialism typically contrasts with dualism, phenomenalism, idealism, vitalism, and dual-aspect monism. Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked to the concept of Determinism, as espoused by Enlightenment thinkers. It has been criticized as a spiritually empty philosophy.

Usage:

Catholic Encyclopedia: Materialism


Materialism

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The philosophy Materialism, matter is the on substance, and reality is identical with the actually occuring states of energy and matter.  Everything is the world come naturally which is related to metaphysical naturalism "the physical world is all that exist."


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Existentialism

Definition:
noun

is a term applied to the work of a number of late 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences

Sample Sentences:

 In fact, while Existentialism is generally considered to have originated with Kierkegaard, the first prominent existentialist philosopher to adopt the term as a self-description was Jean-Paul Sartre.

 In existentialism, the individual's starting point is characterized by what has been called "the existential attitude", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world

Usage:

Friedrich Nietzsche Biography Biographical History of Existentialism

Existentialism
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In existentialism, the individual's starting point is characterized by what has been called "the existential attitude". Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience. Famous Philosophers Nietzsche and Sartre used existentialism which became popular following World War II.

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Solipsism

Definition:

Noun

The view or theory that the self is all that can be known to exist

Sample Sentences:
Metaphysical solipsism is the "strongest" variety of solipsism

Epistemological solipsism is the variety of idealism according to which only the directly accessible mental contents of the solipsistic philosopher can be known. The existence of an external world is regarded as an unresolvable question rather than actually false.

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Solipsism

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 Solipsism is the view or theory that the self is all tha can be known to exist. As a metaphysical position, solipsism goes further to the conclusion that the world and other minds do not exist. Metaphysical solipsism is the "strongest" variety of solipsism. Based on a philosophy of subjective idealism, metaphysical solipsists maintain that the self is the only existing reality and that all other reality, including the external world and other persons, are representations of that self, and have no independent existence.


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Camus

Definition:

noun

French novelist, short-story writer, playwright, and essayist: Nobel prize 1957.
Sample Sentences:

Camus was the author of the novels L'Étranger (1942) and La Peste (1947), the plays Le Malentendu (1945) and Caligula (1946), and the essays Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942) and L'Homme révolté (1951).

Albert Camus was born on 7 November 1913 in Dréan (then known as Mondovi) in French Algeria to a Pied-Noir family

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Camus


Nobel Prize: Camus

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Albert Camus  was a French Nobel Prize winning author, journalist, and philosopher. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay "The Rebel" that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom. Although often cited as a proponent of existentialism the philosophy with which Camus was associated during his own lifetime, he rejected this particular label.

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Hume

Definition:


David, 1711–76, Scottish philosopher and historian. 

Sample Sentences:

David Hume was a Scottish empiricist philosopher, economist, and historian, whose sceptic philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses.
Hume's works include A Treatise of Human Nature (1740), An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals (1751), Political Discourses (1752), and History of England (1754--62).

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Philosophy: Hume

Hume

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David Hume  was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. He was one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment.


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Sartre

Definition:

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic.

Sample Sentences:

Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the French Navy, and Anne-Marie Schweitzer

As a teenager in the 1920s, Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading Henri Bergson's essay Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness.^[7] He studied and earned a degree in philosophy in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure, an institution of higher education that was the alma mater for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals.


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Sartre

Philosophy: Sartre




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Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines.



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Maslow

Definition:

American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization

Sample Sentences:

Maslow attended the City College of New York after high school. In 1926 he began taking legal studies classes at night in addition to his undergraduate course load.

Maslow and other optimistic youngsters at the time with his background were in the struggle to overcome such acts of racism and ethnic prejudice in the attempt to establish an idealistic world based on widespread education and monetary justice.

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Maslow

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Abraham Harold Maslow  was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms."


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Goethe

Definition:

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer, artist, and politician. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs.

Sample Sentences:

Goethe's father, Johann Caspar Goethe (Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, 29 July 1710 – Frankfurt, 25 May 1782), lived with his family in a large house in Frankfurt, then an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.

Goethe gained the academic degree of the Lizenziat (Licentia docendi) in Frankfurt and founded a small legal practice.

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Goethe

NY Times: Goethe


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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer, artist, and politician. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on botany, anatomy, and color and four novels.





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Beckett

Definition-

noun

Samuel, 1906–1989, Irish playwright and novelist, living in France: Nobel prize for literature 1969.

Sample Sentences:

Samuel Beckett, anIrish dramatist and novelist writing in French and English, wrote works that portrayed the human condition as insignificant or absurd in a bleak universe. 
 Beckett's works include the plays En attendant Godot ( Waiting for Godot , 1952), Fin de partie ( Endgame , 1957), and Not I (1973) and the novel Malone meurt ( Malone Dies , 1951).

Usage:

1.  NY Times: Beckett
2.  Samuel Beckett

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Samuel beckett is an Irish playwright and novelsit.  He always had an tragic outlook on human nature.  His works also include numerous examples of sycophantism.

 

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Blaise Pascal

Definition-
French mathematician, physicist, inventor, and Christian philosopher

Sample Sentences:

Blaise Pascal, along with Pierre de Fermat, developed the mathematical theory of probability. 

 Blaise Pascal also contributed to the development of differential calculus, and he invented the mechanical calculator and the syringe.


Usage:

Blaise Pascal 1623-1662


Math- Blaise
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Blaise Pascal was an French mathematician, physicist, inventor, and christian philosopher.  He is known for the invention of probablility, and "Pascal's Law".  Thorughout his years, he was an advocate for God and the Christian way of life.


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Whitehead's Metaphysics

Definition:
noun
is the most advanced and sophisticated version of process philosophy, an ontology that takes events rather than enduring substances as the basic units of reality.

Sample Sentences:
But it seems to me that mere chemistry can explain what makes a cake, while pie demands metaphysics.

 

 So that may put the discussion in the realm of metaphysics rather than physics

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Whitehead's Metaphysics


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Alfred Whitehead was an English mathematician and philosopher. He developed the comprehensive metaphysical theory. The objective of metaphysics is to determine the real nature of things- to determine the meaning, structure, and principles of whatever. Metaphysics is concerned with reality as a whole, and states that time is on a continuum, and one point in time can highly impact other points in time.

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